Evaluación comparativa de la eficiencia de lavado de suelos en la Amazonía ecuatoriana para la remoción de contaminantes: Hidrocarburos, metales pesados y PFAS en suelos tropicales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55892/jrg.v9i20.3033Palabras clave:
Lavado de suelos, remediación de suelos contaminados, hidrocarburos y metales pesados, PFAS, Amazonía ecuatorianaResumen
El presente estudio desarrolla una revisión sistemática orientada a evaluar la eficiencia del lavado de suelos (soil washing) para la remoción de contaminantes en suelos tropicales, con énfasis en hidrocarburos, metales pesados y sustancias per- y polifluoroalquiladas (PFAS), considerando especialmente el contexto de la Amazonía ecuatoriana. La investigación se estructuró siguiendo los lineamientos metodológicos del enfoque PRISMA, mediante un proceso sistemático de identificación, selección y análisis crítico de literatura científica relevante. Inicialmente se identificaron 120 estudios potencialmente pertinentes en bases de datos académicas, de los cuales, tras aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión relacionados con pertinencia temática, disponibilidad de datos cuantitativos y calidad metodológica, se seleccionaron finalmente seis estudios experimentales y de revisión para el análisis comparativo. Los resultados evidencian que el lavado de suelos constituye una tecnología altamente eficiente, especialmente para la remoción de hidrocarburos y PFAS, alcanzando en condiciones optimizadas eficiencias superiores al 80–95 %. La efectividad del proceso depende de variables operativas clave como el tipo de agente de lavado, la relación líquido-sólido, el pH, el tiempo de contacto y el número de ciclos de lavado. En el caso de metales pesados, la literatura destaca el uso de agentes quelantes y surfactantes que permiten mejorar significativamente la movilidad y extracción de estos contaminantes. Sin embargo, también se identifican limitaciones asociadas a posibles impactos sobre la calidad del suelo y la generación de efluentes contaminados. Se concluye que la integración del lavado de suelos con estrategias biológicas de remediación representa una alternativa prometedora para lograr procesos de descontaminación más sostenibles en la Amazonía ecuatoriana.
Descargas
Citas
Ahmad, N. S. B. N., Mustafa, F., Yusoff, S. M., & Didams, G. (2020). A systematic review of soil erosion control practices on agricultural land in Asia. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 8, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.04.001
Ambaye, T., Chebbi, A., Formicola, F., Prasad, S., Gomez, F., Franzetti, A., & Vaccari, M. (2022). Remediation of soil polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons, and their reuse for agriculture: Recent progress, challenges, and perspectives. Chemosphere, 133572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133572
Ashkanani, Z., Mohtar, R., Al-Enezi, S., Smith, P., Calabrese, S., Xingmao, X., & Abdullah, M. (2024). AI-assisted systematic review on remediation of contaminated soils with PAHs and heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 468, 133813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133813
Caetano, G., de Matos Machado, R., Correia, M. J. N., & Marrucho, I. M. (2023). Remediation of soils contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons through soil washing with surfactant solutions. Environmental Technology, 45(15), 2969–2982. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2023.2198733
Chamba-Eras, I., Griffith, D., Kalinhoff, C., Ramírez, J., & Gázquez, M. (2022). Native hyperaccumulator plants with differential phytoremediation potential in an artisanal gold mine of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Plants, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091186
Chen, Y., Wang, Z., Fang, Y., Wang, G., Zhou, F., Yu, J., ... Xiao, C. (2025). Occurrence and microbial remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals pollution in soils. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-025-04498-1
Cipriani-Ávila, I., Decock, C., Zambrano-Romero, A., Zaldumbide, K., Garcés-Ruiz, M., Caiza-Olmedo, J., Gordillo, A., Luna, V., & Gerin, P. (2025). Mycoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil using native Ganoderma and Trametes strains from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Journal of Fungi, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090651
Del Rocío Lituma Carriel, S. (2024). Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils: Review and perspective for Ecuador in the Latin American context. eVitroKhem. https://doi.org/10.56294/evk2024145
Feng, W., Zhang, S., Zhong, Q., Wang, G., Pan, X., Xu, X., Zhang, Y., & Peijnenburg, W. (2020). Soil washing remediation of heavy metal from contaminated soil with EDTMP and PAA: Properties, optimization, and risk assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 381, 120997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120997
García-Carmona, M., Romero-Freire, A., Aragón, M., Garzón, F., & Peinado, F. (2017). Evaluation of remediation techniques in soils affected by residual contamination with heavy metals and arsenic. Journal of Environmental Management, 191, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.12.041
Grimison, C., Knight, E., Nguyen, T.-M.-H., Nagle, N., Kabiri, S., Bräunig, J., & Mueller, J. (2022). The efficacy of soil washing for the remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the field. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 445, 130441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130441
Huang, W., Xu, B., Yang, M., Zhang, R., Zhang, W., Wang, N., ... Pu, S. (2025). Modeling the comparative evaluation of diverse washing agents for remediation of composite heavy metal-contaminated soil. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-025-02653-z
Johnson, B., & Hennessy, E. (2019). Systematic reviews and meta-analyses in the health sciences: Best practice methods for research syntheses. Social Science & Medicine, 233, 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.035
Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., Venkateswarlu, K., Lee, Y. B., Naidu, R., & Megharaj, M. (2017). Remediation approaches for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils: Technological constraints, emerging trends and future directions. Chemosphere, 168, 944–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.115
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Medicine, 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
Liu, J., Zhao, L., Liu, Q., Li, J., Qiao, Z., Sun, P., & Yang, Y. (2021). A critical review on soil washing during soil remediation for heavy metals and organic pollutants. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19, 601–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03144-1
Liu, L., Li, W., Song, W., & Guo, M. (2018). Remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated soils: Principles and applicability. Science of the Total Environment, 633, 206–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.161
Londhe, K., & Venkatesan, A. (2025). Air bubbling assisted soil washing to treat PFAS in high organic content soils. Environments. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12010020
Mauricio, L. A., Zegarra, R. C., Arosemena, S. S., & Huaman, C. M. R. (2023). Tropical contamination by hydrocarbons: Biotechnological perspective for the remediation of soils in forests, application case Peruvian Amazon, Bagua–Imaza. In Proceedings of the 21st LACCEI International Multi-Conference for Engineering, Education and Technology. https://doi.org/10.18687/laccei2023.1.1.1157
Mohammad, R. E. A., Veerasingam, S., Suresh, G., Rajendran, S., Sadasivuni, K., Ghani, S., & Al-Khayat, F. (2025). Tackling environmental radionuclides contamination: A systematic review of chemical, biological, and physical remediation strategies. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2025.100802
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., ... Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine, 18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003583
Page, M. J., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
Page, M. J., Moher, D., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). Introduction to PRISMA 2020 and implications for research synthesis methodologists. Research Synthesis Methods, 13, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1535
Pozo-Rivera, W., Quiloango-Chimarro, C., Paredes, X., Landivar, M., Chiriboga, C., Hidalgo, D., ... Villacís, J. (2023). Response of dung beetle diversity to remediation of soil ecosystems in the Ecuadorian Amazon. PeerJ, 11. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14975
Priya, A., Muruganandam, M., Ali, S., & Kornaros, M. (2023). Clean-up of heavy metals from contaminated soil by phytoremediation: A multidisciplinary and eco-friendly approach. Toxics, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11050422
Rasafi, T. E., Haouas, A., Tallou, A., Chakouri, M., Aallam, Y., Moukhtari, E., & Haddioui, A. (2023). Recent progress on emerging technologies for trace elements-contaminated soil remediation. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140121
Rethlefsen, M. L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S., Ayala, A. P., Moher, D., Page, M. J., ... Young, S. (2021). PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z
Rongsayamanont, W., & Phasukarratchai, N. (2025). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of biosurfactants from water hyacinth for enhanced soil washing of diesel-contaminated soils: Performance evaluation and phytotoxicity assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32, 21522–21542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36930-2
Santos, M., Rebola, S., & Evtuguin, D. (2025). Soil remediation: Current approaches and emerging bio-based trends. Soil Systems. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems9020035
Santos, M. L. V., Morales, J. A. R., Mendoza-Burguete, Y., del Carmen González-López, M., Pool, H., Amaro-Reyes, A., ... Chaparro-Sánchez, R. (2025). Use of anaerobic digestate inoculated with fungi as a soil amendment for soil remediation: A systematic review. Biology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14111579
Saqr, A., Pant, R. R., Alao, J., Chaurasia, P., Abdelkebir, B., & Abd-Elmaboud, M. (2025). Soil remediation through washing and flushing: Bibliometric trends, technical review, and future prospects. Environmental Earth Sciences, 84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12386-y
Sarker, A., Masud, M. A. A., Deepo, D., Das, K., Nandi, R., Ansary, M. W. R., ... Islam, T. (2023). Biological and green remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soils: A state-of-the-art review. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138861
Sánchez-Castro, I., Molina, L., Prieto-Fernández, M.-Á., & Segura, A. (2023). Past, present and future trends in the remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil: Remediation techniques applied in real soil-contamination events. Heliyon, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16692
Song, H., & Nam, K. (2023). Development of a potassium-based soil washing solution using response surface methodology for efficient removal of cesium contamination in soil. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138854
Tran, H.-T., Lin, C., Hoang, H., Bui, X., Le, V., & Vu, C. (2021). Soil washing for the remediation of dioxin-contaminated soil: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 421, 126767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126767
Trellu, C., Péchaud, Y., Oturan, N., Mousset, E., Van Hullebusch, E., Huguenot, D., & Oturan, M. (2020). Remediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic compounds: How to recover extracting agents from soil washing solutions? Journal of Hazardous Materials, 404, 124137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124137
Usman, M., Chaudhary, A., & Hanna, K. (2024). Efficient PFAS removal from contaminated soils through combined washing and adsorption in soil effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 476, 135118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135118
Wang, G., Pan, X., Zhang, S., Zhong, Q., Zhou, W., Zhang, X., ... Peijnenburg, W. J. G. M. (2020). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by biodegradable chelator-induced washing: Efficiencies and mechanisms. Environmental Research, 186, 109554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109554
Wang, L., Rinklebe, J., Tack, F., & Hou, D. (2021). A review of green remediation strategies for heavy metal contaminated soil. Soil Use and Management, 37, 936–963. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12717
Wang, Z., Wang, H., Wang, H.-J., Li, Q., & Li, Y. (2020). Effect of soil washing on heavy metal removal and soil quality: A two-sided coin. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 203, 110981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110981
Yeshiwas, A. G., Bayeh, G. M., Tsega, T., Tsega, S., Gebeyehu, A., Asmare, Z. A., ... Yenew, C. (2025). Scoping review on mitigating the silent threat of toxic industrial waste: Eco-rituals strategies for remediation and ecosystem restoration. Environmental Health Insights, 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302251329795
Zheng, X., Li, Q., Peng, H., Zhang, J.-X., Chen, W.-J., Zhou, B., & Chen, M. (2022). Remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils with soil washing: A review. Sustainability, 14, 13058. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013058
Zoghi, P., & Mafigholami, R. (2023). Optimisation of soil washing method for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil around oil storage tanks using response surface methodology. Scientific Reports, 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42777-9
