Y chromosome analysis in sexual crimes against women: A literature review

Abstract

Forensic genetics plays an important role in criminal investigations, especially in cases of sexual violence against women. In this context, chromosome analysis stands out as an essential tool for identifying male genetic material in incorrect biological samples. This study aimed to analyze the importance of chromosome investigation and the identification of male genetic profiles related to sexual crimes against women, highlighting its application in forensic genetics. This is a descriptive and qualitative literature review, conducted through a bibliographic survey in the PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases, using the descriptors: "DNA," "human identification," "biological traces," "sexual crimes," and "violence against women." Scientific articles published between 2009 and 2024, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, were selected. The results demonstrated that the use of Y-STR markers associated with the PCR technique allows the identification of male DNA even in degraded samples or those with low amounts of genetic material. Furthermore, it is argued that chromosome analysis significantly contributes to the elucidation of sexual crimes, strengthening forensic evidence and identifying perpetrators. However, the technique has limitations related to the inability to differentiate individuals belonging to the same paternal lineage. It is concluded that Y chromosome analysis represents a necessary tool for modern forensic genetics, contributing to the production of more reliable scientific evidence and promoting justice in cases of sexual violence against women.