The pineal gland and hormonal regulation: what the scientific literature proves and what is myth.

Abstract

The pineal gland is a small part of the brain responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone fundamental to the functioning of our biological clock and the sleep-wake cycle. Although we already have a good scientific understanding of this function, popular interpretations often sprinkle it with concepts that go beyond scientific evidence, such as the notion that it is a "third eye" or a center of expanded consciousness. This article aims to critically analyze the current knowledge about the function of the pineal gland in hormonal regulation, distinguishing scientific data from unfounded beliefs. The review of research demonstrates that melatonin plays a crucial role in sleep organization and has an indirect impact on other hormonal systems (Pandi-Perumal et al., 2006; Zisapel, 2018). Recent studies also highlight its antioxidant properties and its influence on the regulation of the immune system (Carrillo-Vico et al., 2013; Reiter et al., 2013). Conversely, there is no scientific evidence to support claims about spiritual or paranormal abilities associated with this gland (López-Muñoz; Molina, 2020; Satsangi; Singhal; Satsangi, 2014). The conclusion is that an evidence-based understanding is fundamental to preventing the spread of misinformation.